titlepage

reproduced from original documents in the library holdings of
Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
Copyright © 2003 by Dr. David C. Bossard

Contents of this Volume v

Editorial Notes vii viii ix x xi xii


Contents of the H.M.S. Challenger Reports xiii xiv xv xvi xvii xviii xix xx xxi xxii



Original Contents of the H.M.S. Challenger Reports xxii xxiii xxiv xxv xxvi xxvii xxviii xxix xxx xxxi


Anemometer, Thermometer, Current Drag, sextant, and carbonic Acid Apparatus


Errata liv


CONTENTS.


FIRST PART.

PREFACE, xxxv xxxvi xxxvii xxxviii xxxix

HMS Challenger 1872


HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION:
A.-The Science of Oceanography,
1
B.-Oceanographical Views of the Ancients, 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 021 022 023 024 025 026 027 028
 2
C.-Oceanographical Views during the Dark Ages, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance, 029 030 031 032 033 034 035 036 037 038 039 040 041 042 043 044 045
29
D.-Progress of Oceanographical Knowledge, from the Voyage of Magellan to the Voyages of Cook, 046 047 048 049 050 051 052 053 054 055 056 057 058 059 060 061 062 063 064 065 066 067
 46
E.-The Progress of Oceanography from the Time of Cook to the Challenger Expedition, 068 069 070 071 072 073 074 075 076 077 078 079 080 081 082 083 084 085 086 087 088 089 090 091 092 093 094 095 096 097 098 099 100 101 102
 68
F.-The Explorations of the Challenger, and subsequent Expeditions, 103 104 105 106a 106b 106c 106d 106e
 103



I. MAPS ILLUSTRATING THE HISTORY OF OCEANOGRAPHY.
Note the Plates linked to this table are at 150 ppi resolution.
The plates are also available at 800 ppi resolution.
Plate
 Description
I.
 (a) Map showing the Phœnician Colonies and supposed extent of Phœnician Voyages at sea.
(b) Map showing the Voyage of the Argonauts according to the Traditions of the Ancients.
(c) Map showing the World according to Homer, B.C. 1000.
(d) Map showing the World according to Hecatus, B.C. 500.
II.
 (a) Map showing the World according to Herodotus, B.C. 450
(b) Map showing the World according toDicæarchus, B.C. 300.
III.
 (a) Map showing the World according to Eratosthenes, B.C. 220.
(b) Map showing the World according to Hipparchus, B.C. 150.
IV.
 (a) Map showing the World according to Strabo, A. D. 18.
(b) Map showing the World according to Mela, A.D. 43.
(c) Map showing the World according to Ptolemy, A.D. 150.
V.
 (a) World Map of Cosmas Indicopleustes — VI. Century.
(b) The Mountain of Cosmas Indicopleustes causing Day and Night and the Seasons.
(c) Wheel Map — Imago Mundi, XI. Century.
(d) Reduced Facsimile Map from the Gotha MS. of the Book of Climates, written A.D. 1173, from Mœller's Isstakhry.
(e) Map showing Quadrans Habitabilis according to Abu Rihan Birunensis, A.D. 1030.
VI.
 (a) Map showing the Atlantic Ocean according to Toscanelli, A.D. 1474. 'I'he western part is reconstructed from M. Behaim's globe, the eastern part from charts of the XV. Century. After H. Wagner.
(b) Map showing the World according to Ortelius, A.D. 1570.
VII.
 Map of the World showing the Great Discoveries l492-l522 ; with inset showing the Discoveries of the Norsemen from 867-1347 A.D. Left Portion Right Portion
VIII.
 Map of the World showing principal Maritime Explorations from the time of Cook, 1768, to the Challenger Expedition, 1876 ; voyages from 1768-1833. Left Portion Right Portion
IX.
 Map of the World showing principal Maritime Explorations from the time of Cook, 1768, to the Challenger Expedition, 1876, voyages from 1830 to 1876. Left Portion Right Portion






GENERAL SUMMARY of the Scientific Observations and Results at each of the Challenger Observing Stations
 Contents of Pages 107 to 1274



BATHYMETRICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION,
1275
1. Animals obtained in the Dredgings and Trawlings in the Zone deeper than 2500 fathoms,
 1277
2. Animals obtained in the Dredgings and Trawlings in Depths between 2000 and 2500 fathoms,
 1283
3. Animals obtained in the Dredgings and Trawlings in Depths between 1500 and 2000 fathoms,
 1291
4. Animals obtained in the Dredgings and Trawlings in Depths between 1000 and 1500 fathoms,

1302
5. Animals obtained in the Dredgings and Trawlings in Depths between 500 and 1000 fathoms,

 1314
6. Animals obtained in the Dredgings and Trawlings in Depths between 100 and 500 fathoms,
 1328
7. Animals obtained in the Dredgings and Trawlings in Depths under 100 fathoms,
1362
GENERAL OBSERVATION ON THE DISTRIBuTION OF MARINE ORGANISMS,
 1431
EXPLANATION OF CHARTS AND DIAGRAMS (APPENDIX I.),
1463
INDEX OF GENERA, SUB-GENERA, SPECIES, AND VARIETIES,
 1465
GENERAL INDEX,
 1575






Reading Thermometers
Reading Thermometers
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

I. MAPS ILLUSTRATING THE HISTORY OF OCEANOGRAPHY.

(See plate descriptions above after page 106e)
II. CHARTS SHOWING THE DREDGING AND SOUNDING STATIONS.

NOTE: The Charts for the 1885 Narrative and the 1895 Summary are the same, with the same chart numbers but different page numbers.

Charts at 150 ppi from the 1885 Narrative.


Dredge
Trawl, Dredge, Tow-net, Water-Bottle, Sounding Machine, and Sieves.


FIRST PART
Chart
 Description
IA.
 Hemisphere showing depths in the Atlantic Ocean,
In pocket of cover to First Part
IB.
 Hemisphere showing depths in the Pacific Ocean,
In pocket of cover to First Part
IC.
 Hemisphere showing depths in the Indian Ocean,
In pocket of cover to First Part
2.
 England to the Canary islands, touching at Lisbon, Gibraltar, and Madeira; also towards England from the Cape Verde Islands, touching at Vigo,
3.
 In the vicinity of Lisbon,
4.
 In the vicinity of Madeira Island,
5.
 In the vicinity of the Canary Islands,
6.
 Canary Islands to St. Thomas, St. Thomas to Bermuda, Bermuda to the Azores, Azores to Madeira, and Madeira to Cape Verde Islands ; also towards England from the Cape Verde Islands,
7.
 In the vicinity of the Virgin Islands,
8.
 In the vicinity of Bermuda,
9.
 Bermuda to Halifax, crossing the Gulf Stream in the meridian of 70° W., and Halifax to Bermuda, crossing the Gulf Stream in the meridian of 63° W.,
10.
 In the vicinity of the Azores,
11.
 In the vicinity of the Cape Verde Islands,
12.
 Cape Verde Islands to Bahia, touching at St. Paul's Rocks and Fernando Noronha; also Ascension to Cape Verde Islands,
13.
 In the vicinity of St. Paul's Rocks,
14.
 In the vicinity of Fernando Noronha,
15.
 In the vicinity of the Coast of Brazil,
16.
 Bahia to the Cape of Good Hope, touching at the Tristan da Cunha Islands; also Monte Video to Ascension,
17.
 In the vicinity of the Tristan da Cunha Islands,
18.
 Cape of Good Hope to the parallel of 60° S., touching at the islands of Marion, Crozet, Kerguelen, and Heard,
19.
 In the vicinity of Prince Edward and Marion Islands,
20.
 In the vicinity of the Crozet Islands,
21.
 In the vicinity of Kerguelen Island,
22.
 In the vicinity of Heard Island,
23.
 In the neighbourhood of the Antarctic Circle, between the 78th and 98th meridians of east longitude, showing the position of Pack Ice and floating Icebergs encountered,
24.
 From a position in lat. 59° 56' S., long. 99° 14' E. to Melbourne,
25.
 Melbourne to Sydney,
26.
 In the vicinity of Sydney, N.S.W.,
27.
 Sydney to Wellington, touching at Port Hardy and Queen Charlotte Sound; Wellington to Fiji Islands, touching at Tongatabu ; and Fiji Islands, to Cape York, touching at Api Island and Raine Islet,
28.
 In the vicinity of Tongatabu,
29.
 In the vicinity of Matuku Island,
30.
 In the vicinity of Ngaloa Harbour, Fiji islands,
31.
 Cape York to Hong Kong, touching at the Arrou Islands, Ki Islands, Banda Islands, Amboina Island, Ternate Island, Samboangan, Ilo Ilo, and Manila; also Hong Kong to Yokohama, touching at Manila, Zebu, Samboangan, Humboldt Bay, and the Admiralty Islands,
32.
 In the vicinity of the Arrou and Ki Islands,
33.
 In the vicinity of the Banda Islands,


SECOND PART

Chart
 Description
34.
 Nares Harbour, Admiralty islands,
35.
 In the vicinity of Japan,
36.
 Yokohama to the Sandwich Islands,
37.
 In the vicinity of the Sandwich Islands,
38.
 Sandwich Islands to Tahiti also Tahiti to Valparaiso, touching at Juan Fernandez Island,
39.
 In the vicinity of Tahiti,
40.
 Valparaiso to Port Otway,
41.
 Port Otway through Magellan Strait, touching at Hale Cove, Gray Harbour, Port Grappler, Tom Bay, Puerto Bueno, Isthmus Bay, Port Churruca, Port Famine, Sandy Point, and Elizabeth Island,
42.
 Magellan Strait to the Falkland Islands and Monte Video,
43.
 In the vicinity of Ascension,


Sifting Deposit
III. DIAGRAMS SHOWING THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE IN THE OCEAN.

Note: The diagrams are not included.
FIRST PART.
Diagram
 Description
1.
 Longitudinal section, Tenerife to Sombrero,
2.
 Diagonal section, Bermuda towards New York ; also Meridional section, Halifax to St. Thomas,
3.
 Longitudinal section, Bermuda to the Azores and Madeira,
4.
 Longitudinal section, from a position in tat. 3° 8' N., long. 14° 39' W. to Pernambuco,
5.
 Diagonal section, Abrolhos Island to Tristan da Cunha Islands,
6.
 Longitudinal section, Rio de la Plata to Tristan da Cunha Islands and the Cape of Good Hope.
7.
 Meridional section, the Azores to the Tristan da Cunha Islands,
8.
 Meridional section, Cape of Good Hope to the parallel of 46° S.,
9.
 Meridional section between the parallels of 50° and 65° S. lat.,
10.
 Diagonal section, from a position in lat. 53° 55' S., long. 108° 35' E. to, Cape Otway,
11.
 Longitudinal section, Sydney, N.S.W., to Porirua, Cook Strait, New Zealand,
12.
 Meridional section, Kandavu Island to Cape Palliser, New Zealand,
13.
 Longitudinal section, Fiji Islands to the Barrier Reef, Australia,
14.
 Diagram showing the Distribution of Temperature in the Seas enclosed by the Islands of the Eastern Archipelago,


SECOND PART.
Diagram
 Description
15.
 Longitudinal section, Meangis Islands to the Admiralty Islands,
16.
 Meridional section, Admiralty Islands to Japan,
17.
 Longitudinal section, Japan to a position in lat. 35° 49' N., long. 180° W.,
18.
 Longitudinal section, from a position in lat. 35° 49' N., long. 180° W. to a position in lat. 38° 9' N., long. 156° 25' W.,
19.
 Meridional section, from the parallel of 38° N. to the parallel of 40° S.,
20.
 Longitudinal section, from a position in lat. 40° 3' S., long. 132° 58' W. towards Mocha Island,
21.
 Meridional section, off the west Coast of South America, between the 33rd and 46th parallels,
22.
 Meridional section, Falkland Islamls to the parallel of 35° 40' S.,


HMS Challenger
H.M.S. CHALLENGER UNDER SAIL, 1874.
"And So he plays his part."
—As You Like It.