CONTENTS

DEDICATION.  iii   iii  iv  v  vi

PREFACE.  vii   vii  viii  ix  x  xi  xii

CONTENTS.  xiii   xiii  xiv  xv  xvi

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.  xvii to xxi   xvii  xviii  xix  xx  xxi

I.  INTRODUCTION.  1

    The question of a Bathymetrical Limit to Life. -- The general Laws which regulate the geographical distribution of living beings -- Professor Edward Forbes' Investigations and views. -- Specific Centers. -- Representative Species. -- Zoological Provinces. -- Bearings of a Doctring of Evolution upon the Idea of a 'Species,' and of the Laws of Distribution. -- The circumstances most likely to affect Life at great Depths: Pressure, Temperature, and the Absence of light.  1   001  002  003  004  005  006  007  008  009  010  011  012  013  014  015  016  017  018  019  020  021  022  023  024  025  026  027  028  029  030  031  032  033  034  035  036  037  038  039  040  041  042  043  044  045  046  047  048

II. The CRUISE OF THE 'LIGHTNING.' 49

    Proposal to investigate the conditions of the bottom of the Sea. -- Suggestions and Anticipations. -- Correspondence betwen the Council of the Royal Society and the Admiralty. -- Departure from Stornoway. -- The Færoe Islands.  -- Singular temperature results in the Færoe channel. -- Life abundant at all depths. -- Brisinga coronata. -- Holtenia carpenteri.  -- General results of the expedition.  49   049  050  051  052  053  054  055  056  057  058  059  060  061  062  063  064  065  066  067  068  069  070  071  072  073  074  075  076  077  078  079  080  081

III.  The CRUISES OF THE 'PORCUPINE.'   82

    Equipment of the vessel. -- The first cruise, under the direction of Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys, off the West Coast of Ireland and in the Channel between Scotland and Rockall. -- Dredging carried down to 1,470 fathoms. -- Change of Arrangements. -- Second cruise; to the Bay of Biscay. -- Dredging successful at 2,435 fathoms. -- Third Cruise; in the Channel between Færoe and Shetland.  --  The Fauna of the 'Cold Area.'  82   082  083  084  085  086  087  088  089  090  091  092  093  094  095  096  097  098  099  100  101  102  103  104  105  106  107  108  109  110  111  112  113  114  115  116  117  118  119  120  121  122  123  124  125  126  127  128  129  130  131  132  133  134  135  136  137  138  139  140  141  142  143  144

IV. The CRUISES OF THE 'PORCUPINE' (continued).  145

    From Shetland to Stornoway.  --  Phosphorescence. -- The Echinothuridæ. -- The Fauna of the 'Warm Area.' -- End of the Cruise in 1869. -- Arrangements for the expedition of 1870.  -- From England to Gibraltar. -- Peculiar Conditions of the Mediterranean.  -- Return to Cowes.  145   145  146  147  148  149  150  151  152  153  154  155  156  157  158  159  160  161  162  163  164  165  166  167  168  169  170  171  172  173  174  175  176  177  178  179  180  181  182  183  184  185  186  187  188  189  190  191  192  193  194  195  196  197  198  199  200  201  202  203  204

V.  DEEP-SEA SOUNDING.  205

    The ordinary Sounding-lead for moderate Depths. -- Liable to error when employed in deep water. -- Early deep Soundings unreliable. -- Improved Methods of sounding. -- The cup-lead. -- Brooke's Sounding instrument. -- the 'Bull-dog;'  Fitzgerald's; the 'Hydra.' -- Sounding from the 'Porcupine.' -- The contour of the Bed of the North Atlantic.  205   205  206  207  208  209  210  211  212  213  214  215  216  217  218  219  220  221  222  223  224  225  226  227  228  229  230  231  232  233  234 235

VI.  DEEP-SEA DREDGING.  236

    The Naturalist's Dredge. -- O.F. Müller. -- Ball's Dredge. -- Dredging at moderate depths. -- The dredge-rope. -- Dredging in deep water.  -- The 'Hempen tangles.' -- Dredging on board the 'Porcupine.' -- The sieves. --  The Dredger's Note-book. -- The Dredging Committee of the British Association. -- Dredging on the Coast of Britain. -- Dredging abroad. -- History of the progress of knowledge of the Abyssal Fauna.  236.   236  237  238  239  240  241  242  243  244  245  246  247  248  249  250  251  252  253  254  255  256  257  258  259  260  261  262  263  264  265  266  267  268  269  270  271  272  273  274  275  276  277  278  279  280  281  282  283

VII.  DEEP-SEA TEMPERATURES.  284 

    Ocean Currents and their general Effects on climate. -- Determination of surface temperatures. -- deep-sea thermometers. -- the ordinary self-registering thermometer on Six-s principle.  The Miller-Casella modification. -- The temperature observations taken during the three cruises of H.M.S. 'Porcupine' in the year 1869, etc.   284   284  285  286  287  288  289  290  291  292  293  294  295  296  297  298  299  300  301  302  303  304  305  306  307  308  309  310  311  312  313  314  315  316  317  318  319  320  321  322  323  324  325  326  327  328  329  330  331  332  333  334  335  336  337  338  339  340  341  342  343  344  345  346  347  348  349  350  351  352  353  354  355

VIII.  THE GULF-STREAM.  356

    The range of the 'Porcupine' Temperature Observations.  Low Temperatures universal at great depth. -- the difficulty of investigating Oceean currents.  -- The doctrine of a general Oceanic circulation advocated by Captain Maury and by Dr. Carpenter. -- Opinion expressed by Sir John Hershel. -- The origin and extension of the Gulf-stream.  -- the views of Captain Maury; of Professor Buff;  of Dr. Carpenter.  -- The gulf-stream off the coast of North America. -- Professor Bache's 'Sections.' -- The Gulf-stream traced by the Surface Temperatures of the North Atlantic. -- Mr. Findlay's views. -- Dr. Petermann's Temperature Charts. -- Sources of the underlying Cold Water. -- The Arctic Return Currents. -- Antarctic Indraught. -- Vertical Distribution of Temperature in the North Atlantic Basin.  356   356  357  358  359  360  361  362  363  364  365  366  367  368  369  370  371  372  373  374  375  376  377  378  379  380  381  382  383  384  385  386  387  388  389  390  391  392  393  394  395  396  397  398  399  400  401  402  403  404  405  406

IX.  THE DEEP-SEA FAUNA.  407

    The protozoa of the deep Sea.  -- Bathybius. -- 'Coccoliths,' and 'Coccospheres.' -- The Foraminifera of the warm and cold areas. -- Deep-sea Sponges. -- The Hexactinellidæ. -- Rossella.  --  Hyalonema.  --  Deep Sea Corals.  --  The Stalked Crinoids.  --  Pentacrinus.  --  Rhizocrinus.  --  Bathycrinus.  --  The Star-fishes of the deep Sea.  --  The general distribution and Relations of Deep-sea Urchins.  ---  Th Crustacea, the Mollusca, and the Fishes of the 'Porcupine' Expeditions.   407.   407  408  409  410  411  412  413  414  415  416  417  418  419  420  421  422  423  424  425  426  427  428  429  430  431  432  433  434  435  436  437  438  439  440  441  442  443  444  445  446  447  448  449  450  451  452  453  454  455  456  457  458  459  460  461  462  463  464  465  466

X.  THE CONTINUITY OF THE CHALK.  467

    Points of Resemblance between the Atlantic Ooze and the White chalk. -- Differences between them.  -- Composition of Chalk.  -- The doctrine of the continuity of chalk. -- Objections.  -- Arguments in favour of the View from Physical Geology and Geography.  -- Former Distribution of Sea and Land.  -- Palæontological evidence.  -- Chalk-flints. -- Modern Sponges and Ventriculites.  -- Corals.  --  Echinoderms.  --  Mollusca.  --  Opinions of Professor Huxley and Mr. Prestwich.  --  The Composition of Sea-water.  --  Presence of Organic Matter.  --  Analysis of the contained Gases.  --  Differences of Specific gravity.  --  Conclusions.  467.   467  468  469  470  471  472  473  474  475  476  477  478  479  480  481  482  483  484  485  486  487  488  489  490  491  492  493  494  495  496  497  498  499  500  501  502  503  504  505  506  507  508  509  510  511  512  513  514  515  516  517  518  519  520  521  522

INDEX  523   523  524  525  526  527