copyright © 2006
|
About
the Author
|
|
 |
Glenn M. Stein was born in
1962
in Miami, Florida, but grew up on a barrier island on the East coast,
and now lives in Central Florida with his
wife and twin daughters. Having started collecting and
researching medals
at age 12, Stein has specialized in medals related to polar exploration
for the
last 21 years. He has written several articles about medal
recipients and
medallic design for specialist journals, and gives public lectures and
creates
displays related to polar history. |
 |
 |
| Obverse side, full size |
Reverse side, full size |
| The Challenger
Medal, natural size. Click on image for larger view. |
|
INTRODUCTION
My
intention is to provide anyone who seeks it, useful information
regarding the
medal commemorating the 1872-76 worldwide voyage of HMS Challenger,
which
(in hindsight) celebrates
the beginning of the modern science of oceanography.
The author would be pleased to receive any additional
information about the Challenger Medal, and in
particular, be made aware of other existing
examples of this medal. Please
contact me at eloasis@earthlink.net.
BACKGROUND
The objects of the Expedition have been fully and faithfully
carried out. We always kept
in view that to explore the conditions of the deep sea was the
primary
object of our mission,
and throughout the voyage we took every possible opportunity of
making a
deep-sea
observation. Between our
departure from Sheerness on December 7th, 1872, and our arrival
at Spithead on May 24th, 1876, we traversed a distance of 68,890
nautical miles, and at intervals
as nearly uniform as possible we established 362 observing
stations.
Professor
Sir Charles Wyville Thomson
But
the work of the Challenger Expedition had only
just begun. A group of specialists, men
learned in
their own subjects, would spend years describing and drawing the
specimens that
filled storehouses and laboratories.
Then, the daunting task of publishing the results fell for the
most part
on the shoulders of John Murray.
For the authors of the Challenger Reports, they '...received
nothing more
than a copy of the publication and a small honorarium to cover their
expenses. In further appreciation
it was resolved that a Challenger medal be struck (sic).
The Treasury refused to pay for it and
John Murray had the medal designed and executed at his own expense and
himself
sent replicas to those who had shared in the expedition or in the
preparation
of the Report. He himself was
honoured by the Royal Society when he was admitted Fellow in 1896. Official commendation by the Government
was deferred until 1898, when the Queen conferred to John Murray the
rank of
KCB [Knight Commander, The Most Honourable Order of the Bath] in
recognition of
his outstanding contributions to science.' 1
Contemporary
writings in the journal Nature stated
the medal,
'...is being presented by Dr. John Murray to the naval officers of the
expedition, the contributors of memoirs to the report[s] on the
scientific results
of the expedition, and to members of the civilian scientific staff, as
a
souvenir of Challenger work.' 2
There
were instances where medals were issued to individuals who fell outside
this
scope. One person concerned was
Laurence Pullar. He had an
engineering and business background, was a man of wealth, and took a
broad view
of public service. Pullar was also
a life-long friend of Murray, and a Fellow of both the Royal Society
and Royal
Society of Edinburgh.
NUMISMATIC
DETAILS OF THE CHALLENGER MEDAL 3
Obverse:
Commemorates
the voyage.
In the center is a head and shoulders left-facing profile of the
Roman
goddess of wisdom and war, Minerva (in one of her many roles). Next to her is the image of an owl, her
sacred bird (which is why wisdom is associated with owls). 4 These figures are superimosed upon a
globe with lines of latitude and longitude. I
know of at least one example of the medal with only the
lines of longitude on the globe. 5
Partially encircling Athena and the owl is what appears to be an
evergreen laurel branch; to the Greeks and Romans the laurel symbolised
acquired immortality, both in battle as well as in the arts. 6 The
whole is bordered by water, indicating
the Expedition's round-the-world voyage.
Figures from the sea include the Roman god of the sea, Neptune,
who is
grasping what appears to be a bottom sampler trawl in his right hand
(disclosing treasures from th18752e deep).
He cradles his trident in the left hand. A
stylized dolphin is close by, and two mermaids support a
long ribbon, which carefully conceals their charms.
The ribbon bears the words: VOYAGE
OF H.M.S CHALLENGER/1872-76. (Fig. 1) All images courtesy of St. Columba's
Hospice, Challenger Lodge, Edinburgh.
Reverse:
Commemorates work on the Challenger Reports. The central figure is a standing
armored knight, throwing the gauntlet from his right hand into the sea
(presumably to Neptune), whose trident appears above the waves - this
being the
crest of H.M.S. Challenger.
The trident is partially wrapped in a long ribbon, which extends
the
entire circumference of the reverse.
The ribbon bears the wording:
REPORT ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE CHALLENGER EXPEDITION
1886.95. (Fig. 2)
Size: 75 mm
( 3 inches ).
Metal:
bronze (possibly also
manufactured in silver, and though I
have never seen
an example in this metal, one example supposedly exists, and
Brown
states the medal
was
manufactured in silver). 7
Designer
and Sculptor: William S. Black
(an Edinburgh artist who actively exhibited
between 1881-97) and William Birnie Rhind, RSA (1853-1933/an
Edinburgh sculptor). 8
How
manufactured:
Cast.
Manufacturer:
Unknown maker in Paris.
Naming:
Recipient's first name and surname are engraved on the edge at
six
o'clock,
in sans
serif capital letters. Sometimes, only the
first and middle initials are engraved.
Number
Cast:
Unknown.
Number
Issued:
The List of Recipients of the Challenger Medal., 120
medals
were
issued.
Below, the List reveals
the totals of issued medals from Aug.
29, 1895
through
Feb. 15, 1897.
' Up
till Aug. 29. [1895]
95 medal have been despatched (as per list)
4 without names (1 to Mr. Irvine Smith - Aug. 27.95)
1
"
" taken to
Holland by Mr.(sic) Murray
1 engraved
Monteith [this is struck through]
100
Dec.16.1895.
Jan.14 96
107 medals engraved
111 medals engraved
118 medals engraved (Feb.15/97)
1
Dr. Murray
1 Dr. Murray
1 Dr. Murray
1
Mr. Irvine
Smith
1 Mr. Irvine Smith
1 Mr.
Irvine Smith
11 in office
7 in
office
120 '
120
120
The
medal was issued from the Challenger Office,
Edinburgh,
in a fitted hinged
case,
which has 'James Crichton & Co., 47 George St.,
Edinburgh' printed on the white
fabric
of the inside lid.
It came with a simple handwritten document noting the
recipient's
name, and that it was a souvenir of Challenger work. 9 (Fig.
3) Several medals
were
hand delivered by Dr. Murray, but the majority of them
were sent by post.
CHALLENGER
MEDAL
ROLL
Assembling a complete
medal roll presents various challenges. Laurence Pullar's award is but
one
example, as he did not (as far as I am aware) fit the criteria for the
award,
and yet he received a medal. Two other problems derive from the article
in
Nature. These writings state that Murray was presenting medals '...to
the naval
officers of the expedition, the contributors of memoirs to the
report[s] on the
scientific results of the expedition, and to members of the civilian
scientific
staff, as a souvenir of Challenger work.' Firstly, there are nine
individuals
included in Walter Crane's Challenger Expedition Reports. Portraits
of the
Contributors, Reproduced from the Photographs Presented by Them to John Murray, etc. (1897), who do not
appear on the
List of Recipients of the Challenger Medal, and there seems no
apparent
reasons for their omissions. The second problem is whether or not
'contributors' included their assistants; perhaps in some cases the
answer was
yes, but in others no. Frederick Gordon Pearcey had one foot in each of
the two
worlds, as he was a Domestic 3rd Class in the Royal Navy, and an
Assistant to
the Naturalists onboard. His shipmate, Writer Richard Wyatt, must have
significantly helped in the recording of data, and was thus rewarded
with the
medal. One recipient was a certain 'Miss Sclater', who was possibly
Philip L.
Sclater's daughter, but this cannot be confirmed. I cannot find links
with the
Expedition or subsequent scientific work among several individuals at
the end
of the Roll, but more research and time will undoubtedly unmask their
roles.
Please note that naval ranks shown are those existing at the time of
the
Expedition.
NAVAL
PERSONNEL
RANK
NOTES
1) ABBOTT,
William J.
Actg. Asst. Engr. Medal
sent to HMS St. George,
Simon's Bay, Cape of Good Hope.
2) ALDRICH,
Pelham
First Lieutenant Medal
sent to Captain Aldrich,
(1844-1930)
HMS Hawke (Mediterranean
Squadron), Admiralty, London.
Medal
known with document in the
NMM Collection; named "PELHAM
ALDRICH". Donated by Aldrich's
great-nephew. 10 Promoted
to Comm-
ander
after Expedition. Entitled to the
Arctic 1875-76 Medal (First Lieut., HMS
Alert). Commanded the Western Sledge
Party (Ellesmere Island) during the
Arctic
Expedition. Captain's Good
Service Pension, November 1894.
Rear
Admiral, 1898. Admiral
Superintendent
of Portsmouth Dockyard, 1899-1902.
Attended the departure of the Royal
Coffin from Gosport, at the funeral of
Queen Victoria, 1 February 1901. CVO
(1902). Admiral 1907. Retired
1908.
Aldrich's journal is in the RGS archives.
3) ALLEN,
Alfred J. Engineer
Shown as Allan on the List. Medal sent
to a residence, but then forwarded to
the
Admiralty.
4) BALFOUR,
Andrew F.
Sub-Lieutenant Medal
sent to Commander Balfour, HMS
Penguin
(Australian Station), Admiralty,
London. Balfour captained
the Penguin
from 1893-95. In 1895, he
made three
soundings
in over 5,000 fathoms in the
Kermadec Trench, the deepest obtained
to
that date.
5) BETHELL,
George R.
Lieutenant
Medal sent to Commander Bethell,
43 Curzon Street, Mayfair, London.
Also entitled to the Egypt 1882-89
Medal/no bar and Khedive's Star 1882
(Lieut., HMS Minotaur).
Later an MP
for Holderness Division, Yorkshire, for
many
years.
6) BROMLEY,
Arthur C.B.
Lieutenant
Assistant Surveyor, 3rd Cl.
Medal sent
to Captain Bromley, HMS Endymion,
(Channel Squadron), Admiralty, London.
7)
CAMPBELL, Lord
Sub-Lieutenant
Medal delivered by post. Log-Letters
George
Granville
from The Challenger (London,
1877).
(1850-1915)
8)
CARPENTER, Alfred
Lieutenant
Medal sent to Commander Carpenter's
agent
in Westminster, London.
Received the Albert Medal, 2nd Cl.
during
the Expedition (Stanley Harbour,
Falkland Islands, 20 January 1876), and
awarded the
RHS Bronze Medal for the
same incident. DSO and
specially MID
for
services during the annexation of
Burma, and received the thanks of the
Governement
of India. Entitled to
IGS/Burma 1885-7 (Commander-in-
Charge
of the Marine Survey of India,
1884-September 1889); Egypt 1882-89
Medal/no
bar (Commander, in
command of the survey vessel
Myrmidon) and
Khedive's Star, 1884-86.
In 1889, received a letter from the Indian
Government
noting its appreciation
of his valuable services.
FRMS; FZS.
9) CHANNER,
Arthur
Sub-Lieutenant
Medal sent to Captain Channer, Light
House Department, Colombo, Ceylon.
Entitled to IGS/Burma 1885-7, when
Assistant
Superintendent of the Indian
Marine Survey, and served with the
Naval
Brigade (MID). Assistant Super-
intendent, First Grade, Indian Marine
Survey,
May 1882 to August 1887.
10) HAVERGAL,
Arthur
Sub-Lieutenant
Assistant Surveyor 1st Cl.
(1851 - ? )
Medal sent to Captain Havergal,
Hydrographic Department, Admiralty,
London.
Specially promoted to
Lieutenant for services during the
Expedition.
11) HIGHAM,
Robert
Actg. Carpenter Medal
sent to HMS Victory,
Portsmouth.
12)
HOWLETT, William A.
Asst.
Engr.
Medal sent to HMS Grafton,
Chatham.
2nd
Cl.
13) HYNES,
John
Asst. Paymaster Medal
sent to HMS Northampton,
Sheerness.
14)
MACLEAN, George
Staff Surgeon
Medal sent to Surgeon-General
Maclean, RN Hospital, Haslar, Gosport.
15)
MACLEAR, John
Commander
Contributor to the
Narrative. He was
Fiot
Lee
Pearse
second-in-Command throughout the
(1838-1907)
entire voyage, and was afterwards
promoted to Captain.
Assistant
Surveyor, 2nd Class. Medal
delivered
by
Dr. Murray. Retired Vice-Admiral,
23 August 1897. Entitled to
Crimea/Sebastopol,
Baltic, Turkish
Crimea Medals (Midshipman/HMS
Algiers), China
1857-
60/Taku Forts
1860 (Lieutenant/HMS Sphinx),
Abyssinia 1867-68 (First Lieut./HMS
Octavia). He is reputed in Dictionary
of National Biography 20th Century
and The
Times'
obituary to have
served as a Naval Cadet on HMS
Castor during
the South African War,
1850-53, but he is not on the Medal
Roll. In addition, a
photograph of
Maclear
wearing his miniature
medals
does not show
him with
the
South Africa 1834-53 Medal.
Admiral 1903.
16) NARES,
George Strong
Captain
Contributor to the Reports.
(1831-1915)
(1872-74)
Medal delivered by Dr. Murray.
Also entitled to the Arctic 1818-55
Medal
(Mate/HMS Resolute/1852-54)
and Arctic 1875-76 Medal (Captain,
HMS
Alert -
Commander of the
Expedition). FRS (1875), RGS
Founder's
Gold Medal (1877). Gold
Medal of the SociŽtŽ de Geographie
de Paris.
KCB upon his return from
the Arctic Expedition.
Vice-Admiral
on the Retired List in 1892.
17)
PEARCEY, Fredk. Gordon
Domestic 3rd Cl. Assistant
to scientists,
with duties
in the chemical laboratory.
Medal
delivered by post.
Employed
by the Challenger
Commission upon his return of the
Expedition. Contributor to
the
Reports. Along with Writer
3rd Cl.
Richard Wyatt, one of only two other
ranks
to receive the medal.
18)
RICHARDS, R.R.A.
Paymaster
Medal delivered to Erlands, Crondall,
Hants. Unpublished journal rests in
the archives of the RGS.
19)
SLOGGETT, Henry Charles
Sub-Lieutenant Medal
sent to Honolulu, Sandwich
Islands.
(1852-1905)
Later resigned his commission and went
to medical school in Edinburgh.
Dr. Sloggett,
his wife and daughter, arrived in Honolulu in
1896, having come from the state of Washington.
In 1900, he helped organized the Honolulu
Microscopic Society. He was
also a member of
the Medical Association of Hawaii and its president
in 1903.
20) SPRY,
William J.J.
Engineer
Medal delivered to Therapia, St. Andrews
James
Joseph
Road,
Southsea. The Cruise of HMS
Challenger
( ? -
1906)
(London,
1880).
21) SWIRE,
Herbert
Sub-Lieutenant Medal
sent to Commander Swire,
(1851 -
1934)
HMS Australia,
Southampton.
The Voyage of the Challenger (two
volumes,
limited edition; London,
1937).
22)
THOMSON, Frank Tourle
Captain
In charge of survey.
Contributor to
(1875-76)
the Reports. Medal sent
to Thomson
at
The Palace, Hampton Court, London.
23) TIZARD,
Thomas Henry
Staff
Cmdr.
Asst. Surveyor, 1st Cl.
Contributor
(1839-1924)
to
the Narrative and Meteorological
Observations. Medal
delivered by
Dr. Murray. Probably
entitled to the
Baltic Medal. CMG (Queen's Birthday,
June 3, 1899). Shown on the
1901
and 1907 Retired Lists with a CB, but
this may be in error for the CMG.
FRS; FRGS.
24) WYATT,
Richard
Writer, 3rd Cl.
A Chief Petty
Officer rating. Medal
delivered
to 113 Powerscourt Road,
Portsmouth. Along with
Domestic
3rd
Cl. Fredk. G. Pearcey, one of
only two other ranks to receive the
medal. On
4 April 1873, Wyatt discovered
Schoolmaster Adam Ebbels in his hammock,
dead from apoplexy (stroke).
CIVILIAN
SCIENTISTS
TITLE(S)
NOTES
& SPECIALTIES
25)
BUCHANAN, John Young
Chemist &
Contributor to the Reports.
(1844-1925)
Physician
Specific Gravity of Ocean Water.
FRS (1887).
26)
MOSELEY, Henry Nottidge
Naturalist
Medal awarded posthumously
(1844-91)
and sent to Mrs. Moseley.
Zoologist
and Anthropologist.
Notes by a Naturalist on
HMS
Challenger
(London, 1880).
Contributor to the Narrative.
Hydroid
and other Corals;
Phosphorescent Organ of Ipnops.
Royal
Medal (1887); MA; FRS (1877);
FZS; FLS.
27)
THOMSON, Sir
Director of Civilian
Medal awarded
posthumously and
Charles Wyville
Scientific Staff
sent to a Miss Dawson (presumably
(1830-82)
a relative). Contributor to the Reports.
First Editor of the Reports. Introduction
of the Zoological Reports.
FRS (1869).
Thomson
was an important proponent
for ocean research in the 1860s, which
ultimately
led to the Challenger
Expedition. He was the
Chief Scientist
for
the dredging voyages of HMS
Porcupine and Lightning, and
authored
The
Depths of the Sea (1873),
which
summarized the findings of these
voyages
and presented the
case for a
global oceanographic voyage.
28) WILD, John
James
Artist
& Secretary
At Anchor: A Narrative
of
(1828-1900)
Experiences Afloat and Ashore
During
the Voyage of H.M.S.
Challenger from 1872 to 1876.
(London,
1878). Thalasa,
an Essay
on the Depth, Temperature, and
Currents of the Ocean (London,
1877).
Contributor to the Reports.
A Swiss national.
29)
WILLEMOES-SUHM, Naturalist
Medal awarded posthumously and
Dr. Rudolf
von
sent to his mother. Marine
Biologist.
(1847-75)
Died at sea of erysipelas,
aged 28,
13 September 1875, on passage to
Tahiti,
and buried at sea. A memorial
tablet given to the family by Thomson,
Murray,
Buchanan, Moseley and Wild,
now rests at the family burial place in
Bad
Segeberg (about 30 miles south of
Kiel).
There
was
a conscious decision to invite the world's premier specialists to
conduct the investigations
and write the various reports. This was done at the vigorous insistence
of
J.J. Thomson, who experienced considerable pressure to give a
more
prominent
role to British scientists.
CONTRIBUTORS
SPECIALTIES
NOTES
TO
THE REPORTS
AND/OR
POSITIONS
30)
AGASSIZ, Alexander
Echinoidea. Marine
Zoologist and
(1835-1910)
Oceanographer. FRS (1891).
Agassiz
performed extensive explor-
ations in the U.S. littoral areas, prior to
the
Challenger Expedition. He was
an
advisor and valuable assistant to
Thomson immediately following the
Expedition, and participated in cataloging
of the specimens and forming the initial
plans
for the Challenger Reports.
31)
ALLMAN, George James
Hydroida.
Marine Zoologist.
Royal
(1812-98)
Medal
(1873);
Brisbane Gold
Gold Medal (1877); Conning-
ham
Gold Medal (1878); The
Linnean Medal (1896).
MD;
LLD;
FRCSI; FRS (1854);
FRSE; MRIA; CMZS.
32)
BEDDARD, Frank Evers
Isopoda.
Member of Editorial Staff.
(1858-1925)
Naturalist to the Challenger
Expedition Commission
(1882-84). MA; DSc; FRS
(1892); Prosector of the
Zoological
Society (1884-
1915); FRSE; FZS.
33) BERGH,
Rudolph
Nudibranchiata;
Invertebrate Zoologist. MD.
(1859-1924)
Marseniadae.
34) BRADY, George
Copepoda; Ostracoda.
MD; FRS
(1882); FLS; FGS.
Stewardson
(1832-1921)
35)
BROOK,
George
Antipatharia.
Medal awarded posthumously
(1857-93)
and
sent to his wife. FLS; FRSE.
36) BROOKS,
William Keith Stomatopoda.
American Zoologist known
(1848-1908)
for
his research into the
anatomy and embryology
of
marine animals. Elected
a Member of the National
Academy
of Sciences in 1884.
37) BUCHAN, Alexander
Atmospheric and
Meteorologist. Medal
known
(1829-1907)
Oceanic
Circulation.
with document, held at St.
Columba's
Hospice,
Challenger Lodge, Edinburgh.
Secretary
of the Scottish
Meteorological Society in
Edinburgh. MA; LLD.
FRS (1898).
38) BUSK,
George
Polyzoa.
Medal known. Named
(1807-86)
"GEORGE BUSK", and
awarded posthumously.
Ex-Surgeon, Royal Navy.
Parasitologist,
Zoologist
and Palaeontologist. RS
Royal
Medal (1871); GS
Wollaston Medal and Lyell
Medal. X-Club Member. 11
FRS (1850); FGS. Busk
appears
in the group photograph of
the Royal Society's scientific
party onboard the Challenger
(December 1872).
39) CARPENTER,
Philip Herbert Comatulae
and
Medal awarded posthumously
(1852-91)
Stalked Crinoids.
and sent to his wife.
Crinoidologist
(Zoologist &
Palaeontologist). FRS
(1885); FLS.
Son
of William Benjamin Carpenter
(1813-85), a physiologist who contributed
to
the Reports, but is
oddly absent from
Challenger Medal
List.
40) CHUMLEY,
James
Secretary to the
Acknowledged in the
Director
& Editor.
Challenger Reports for
his assistance.
41) COMBER,
Thomas
Contributor to
the Narrative.
42) CREAK,
Ettrick W.
Magnetical Results.
Medal sent to Staff Commander
(1835-1920)
Creak,
Hydrographic Department,
Admiralty, London. Medal
exists
to
'E.W. CREAK'. Promoted to
Second Master, 9 December
1858. Captain, RN, in 1901,
and Director of Compasses
in
the RN's Hydrographer's
Dept. Instructions for the
set
of magnetic instrucments
used by the 1901-04 British
National
Antarctic Expedi-
tion were supplied by Creak.
FRS (1885); KCB (1901).
43) CUNNINGHAM,
Daniel John
Marsupialia. MD;
FRS (1891); FRSE.
(1850-1909)
44)
CUNNINGHAM,
Contributor to
Posted to the Royal College of
Joseph
Thomas
the Narrative.
Surgeons,
London.
(1859-1935)
45) DENDY,
Arthur
Monaxonida.
Zoologist. BSc; FRS (1908);
(1865-1925)
FLS.
46) DITTMAR,
William
Composition of
Chemist. FRS (1882); FRSE
(1833-92) (Wilhelm)
Ocean Water.
(1863); Fellow, Institute
of
Chemistry; Chemical
Society of London' s
Graham
Medal; Hon. LLD,
Edinburgh University.
47) FINSCH,
Friedrich
Birds of Tongatabu Naturalist. The Finsch
Hermann Otto
and the Fiji Islands.
Crater on the Moon is
(1839-1917)
named in his honor.
48) FORBES,
William A.
Anatomy of Tubinares;
FLS; FGS; MBOU.
Birds of Cape York, &c.
Posted to Mrs.
Forbes.
49) FULTON,
Thomas
Member of the
MD
(1884); FRSE.
Alexander Wemyss
Editorial Staff.
(1855-1929)
50) GIBSON,
John
Analysis of Manganese
Nodules.
51) GRAFF, Ludwig
Von
Myzotomida.
Zoologist.
(1851-1924)
52) G†NTHER,
Albert
Shore Fish; Pelagic
MA; MD; PhD; FLS;
Charles
Lewis
Gotthilf
Fish; Deep-sea Fish.
FRS (1867). Royal Achive
(1830-1914)
Winner (RS, 1878).
53) HAECKEL,
Ernst
Radiolaria;
Deep-sea
Biologist & Philosopher.
(1834-1919)
Medusae; Deep-sea
MD; PhD.; Hon. FRSE.
Keratosa.
54) HADDON,
Alfred Cort
Polyplacophora.
Zoologist & Anthropologist.
(1855-1940)
Regarded as one of modern
British
anthropology. FRS
(1899); MRIA.
55) HARMER,
Sidney Frederic Cephalodiscus.
Zoologist; FRS (1898).
(1862-1950)
56) HEMSLEY, William Botting
Botany of
the Expedition. Botanist
and
Taxonomist.
(1843-1924)
FRS
(1889).
57)
HENDERSON,
Anomura.
John Robertson
(1863-1925)
58) HERDMAN,
William Abbott Member
of Editorial
Marine Zoologist and
(1858-1924)
Staff. Tunicata.
Oceanographer. President
of the Liverpool Geological
Society (1898-1900), being
awarded the Society's Silver
Medal
(1922). Knighted (1922).
DSc; FRS (1892); FLS; FRSE.
59) HERTWIG,
Richard
Actiniaria.
Zoologist. Knighted (1910).
Karl Wilhelm
Theodor von
(1850-1937)
60) HOEK, Paulus
P.C.
Cirripedia; Pycnogonida. Marine
Zoologist. Member,
(1845-1914)
Royal Academy of Sciences
(Netherlands).
61) HORSLEY, Reginald
Ernest
Member of Editorial Staff.
62) HOYLE,
William Evans
Member of Editorial
Malacologist. MA (Oxon.);
(1855-1926)
Staff. Cephalopoda.
MRCS; FRSE.
63) HUBRECHT, A.A.W.
Nemertea.
Zoologist. LLD; CMZS.
(1853-1915)
64) HUXLEY,
Thomas Henry
Spirula.
Medal awarded posthumously
(1825-95)
and
sent to his wife. FRS (1851);
Royal Medal (1852); President of
the
Royal Society (1883-85). X Club
member.11 Known as
'Darwin's
Bulldog'.
65) K…LLIKER, Rudoph
Pennatulida.
FRS (1860); Copley Medal
Albert Von
(1897); FMRS; Hon. FRSE.
(1817-1905)
66) LANKESTER,
Edwin Ray
Invertebrate
Medal sent to the Zoology Laboratory,
(1847-1929)
Zoologist
University of Oxford. A
disciple of
Huxley, Lankester's father (Edwin) was
a medical doctor and friend of Huxley's.
Director of London's
Natural History
Museum from 1898-1907). FRS
(1875).
67) LENDENFELD,
Robert von Phosphorescent
Spongiologist and
(1858-1913)
Organs of Fish.
Cnidariologist.
68) LƒOPOLD,
Alexandre
Caecidae.
Malacologist.
Guillaume,
Marquis de Folin
(1817-96)
69) LINSTOW, Otto
Von
Entozoa.
Helminthologist. MD.
(1842-1916)
70) LYMAN III,
Theodore
Ophiuroidea.
Naturalist.
Served in the
(1833-97)
American Civil War as a
Lieutenant-Colonel and
Aide-de-Camp on Gen.
George G. Meade's staff.
(1863-65).
71) McINTOSH
(M'Intosh), William
Annelida;
Botanist and Marine
Carmichael
Cephalodiscus;
Zoologist. Professor
(1838-1931)
Phoronis.
of Natural History,
University
of St. Andrews
(1882-1917). MB; LLD;
FRS
(1877).
72) MILL, Hugh
Robert
Contributor to
Geographer and for ten
(1861-1950)
the Narrative.
years
Librarian at the RGS.
73)
MILNE-EDWARDS, Alphonse
Ornithologist and
Medal sent to the Natural
(1835-1900)
Carcinologist
History
Museum, Paris.
74) MURRAY,
George Robt. Milne
Cryptogamic
Published An Introduction to
(1858-1911)
Botanist
the Study of Seaweeds (1895).
Posted to the British Museum,
London.
75) PARKER,
William Kitchen
Development of
the
Marine Zoologist and
(1823-90)
Green Turtle.
Naturalist. FRS (1865);
Royal Medal (1866).
76) PELSENEER,
Paul
Pteropoda; Anatomy of
Chemistry Teacher and
(1863-1945) Mollusca;
Spirula.
Amateur Malacologist.
DSc.
77) PIGOTT, T.
Digby
Ornithology.
Medal
known. Named
(1840-1927)
"T. DIGBY PIGOTT".
Ornithologist. CB (1890);
Knighthood (1906).
78) POLƒJAEFF, Nicolai
Calcarea; Keratosa.
Spongiologist. MA.
Nikolaevich
79) QUELCH, John
Joseph
Reef Corals.
Zoologist. BSc (Lond.).
(1854 - ? )
80) RENARD,
Alphonse-Franois
Deep-sea Deposits;
Geologist and
(1842-1903)
Petrology of St. Paul's
Petrographer. Bigsby
Rocks.
Medal (London Geological
Society, 1885).
81) RIDLEY,
Stuart Oliver
Monaxonida.
Medal known.
(1853-1935)
Named
'S.O. RIDLEY'.
Spongiologist. MA; FLS.
82) SALVADORI
PALEOTTI,
Birds of Ternate,
Ornithologist. Last of the
Count Adelaro
Tommaso
Amboyna,
&c.
original Honorary
(1835-1923)
Fellows of the AOU.
83) SALVIN,
Osbert
Steganopodes;
Ornithologist. The Godman-
(1835-98)
Impennes;
Salvin Medal of The British
Procellariidae. Ornithologists'
Union, is
named after him.
84) SARS, Georg
Ossian
Schizopoda; Cumacea;
Marine Biologist.
(1837-1927)
Phyllocarida.
85) SAUNDERS,
Howard
Laridae.
Ornithologist. FZS; FLS.
(1835-1907)
86) SCHULZE,
Franz Eilhard
Hexactinellida.
Zoologist.
(1840-1921)
87) SCLATER,
Philip Lutley
Birds of the Admiralty
Ornithologist. FRS (1861);
(1829-1913)
Islands, &c.
FLS; Co-founder of The
Society
for the Preservation
of Wild Fauna of the Empire
(1903).
88) SELENKA,
Emil
Gephyrea.
Marine Zoologist.
(1842-1902)
89) SLADEN, W. Percy
Asteroidea.
Marine Zoologist.
(1849-1900)
FZS; FLS; FGS.
90) SMITH, Edgar
Albert
Lamellibranchiata;
Malacologist. At the
(1847-1916)
Heteropoda.
British Museum. FZS.
91) SOLLAS,
William Johnson
Tetractinellida.
Geologist. Other scientific
(1849-1936)
interests included zoological
anthropological subjects,
and in
his later years,
became a leading authority
in the latter. MA; DSc;
LLD;
FRS
(1889).
92) STEBBING,
Thomas
Amphipoda.
Cleric and Gentleman-
Roscoe Rede
Naturalist. MA; FRS (1896).
(1835-1926)
93) STUDER,
Theophil
Alcyonaria.
Zoologist. MD and PhD.
(1845-1922)
94) TAIT, Peter
Guthrie
Pressure Errors of the
Physicist and Mathematician.
(1831-1901)
Thermometers; Physical FRSE;
Royal Society's Royal
Properties of Water.
Medal
(1886); Hon. Fellow of
Edinburgh
Maths Society.
95) THƒEL,
Hjalmar
Holothurioidea.
Zoologist.
(1848-1937)
96)
THISELTON-DYER,
Systematic
Medal sent to the Royal Gardens, Kew.
Dr. William
Turner
Botanist
Director of Kew (1885-1905).
FRS (1880);
(1843-1928)
KCMG;
CIE. He was Sir Joseph Dalton
Hooker's son-in-law.
97) THOMSON, Sir
John Arthur
Translator
of
Naturalist. Knighted
(1930).
(1861-1933)
Zoological Reports.
98) TURNER, Sir
William
Cetacea; Pinnipedia;
Anatomist. MB; LLD;
(1832-1916)
Human Skeletons.
FRS (1877); FRSSL&E.
99) WATERS,
Arthur William
Polyzoa.
Zoologist. FLS; FGS.
( ? - 1930)
100)
WATSON, Morrison
Anatomy of
the
Anatomist. MD; FRS (1884);
(1846-85)
Spheniscidae.
FRSE.
101)
WATSON, Rev. Robert Boog Gasteropoda.
Medal known. Chaplain,
(1823-1910)
Royal Army; Zoologist.
LLD; FLS; FGS; FRSE.
102)
WRIGHT, Edward Perceval
Alcyonaria.
Marine Zoologist. MA;
(1834-1910)
MD; Sec. MRIA.
OTHER
RECIPIENTS TITLES,
SPECIALTIES
NOTES
AND/OR POSITIONS
103)
ANDERSON, W.S.
?
104)
BLACK, William S.
Edinburgh
Artist
Designer of the Challenger Medal.
105)
DICKSON,
Edinburgh hydrographer
Friend of Sir John Murray.
Henry Newton
(1866-1922)
106)
FOSTER, Michael
Physiologist
FRS (1872). KCB
(1899). From 1881-1903,
(1836-1907)
one of the secretaries of the Royal Society.
107)
GOSCHEN, Rt. Hon.
Member of
Parliament
First Lord of the Admiralty (1871-74 and
George Joachim
1895-1900). Chancellor of
the Exchequer
(1831-1907)
(1886-1892). The latter position may be
the reason he was issued a medal.
Goschen
may
have assisted with funds to publish the
Reports.
108)
IRVINE, Robert
Chemist
FRSE. Co-authored papers in the
Proceedings
(1839-1902)
of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Among others,
he
was one of the instigators of the Scottish Marine
Station.
109)
MONTEITH, Dr. James
?
Medal List states: 'handed
to Mrs. Monteith,
per
Lily Murray August 27, 1895'.
110)
MURRAY, Mrs.
?
Acknowledged in the Challenger Reports for her
assistance. Evidently not Sir John
Murray's
wife.
111)
NANSEN, Fridtjof
Polar Explorer
Presented personally by Dr. Murray on
(1861-1930)
15 February 1897. The medal
was doubtlessly
given in recognition of the oceanographic
work carried out by Nansen during the Fram
Expedition (1893-96).
112)
PULLAR, Laurence
Financer
(?)
Medal known. Named
(1838-1926)
'LAURENCE PULLAR'. FRSE
(1903)
and FRGS; LLD, University
of Edinburgh (1926) in recognition
of
his generosity in the promotion
of scientific research. Pullar was a
life-long
friend of Sir John Murray,
and this association drew him into
his
interest
in scientific research.
With Pullar's financial aid, a steam
yacht
was built and equipped for
oceanographical work near the
shores of Scottish sea-lochs, which
enabled Murray to carry on these
investigations for several years.
This is but one example of Pullar's
financial
assistance toward the
advancement of science. It
is
claimed
in some writings that
Murray did not tolerate the red tape
of
government, and when the
Treasury became stubborn, he
spent
his own money to bring out
volumes of the Report.12
It would
seem possible that Pullar also put
money toward the publishing, and
perhaps
as a result of these
financial contributions, was given
a
Challenger Medal
by Murray.
To
date, however, the author has not
uncovered
any direct link
between
Pullar, the Challenger
Expedition
or
the Reports.
113)
RICHARDS, George Henry Rear Admiral
FRS (1866); CB (Civil/1871); Knighted
(1820-96)
(1877); KCB (1886); Arctic 1818-55 Medal
(Commander/HMS Assistance/1852-54).
Richards had an extensive background
as a surveying officer, and in 1864,
was appointed Hydrographer of the Navy.
He retired from the RN in January 1874,
and in December of that year, served on
a committee to plan the Arctic Expedition
of 1875. Richards appears in
the group
photograph of the Royal Society's scientific
party
onboard the Challenger
(December 1872).
114) THE
ROYAL SOCIETY
Sent
to Burlington House, London.
115)
SCOTT, A.R.
?
Hand delivered to recipient at the Challenger Office.
Acknowledged in the Challenger Reports for his
assistance.
116)
SCLATER, Miss ?
Possibly the daughter of Philip Lutley Sclater.
Acknowledged in the Challenger Reports for
her assistance.
117)
SMITH, Irvine
?
Issued unengraved.
118)
TURBYNE, Alexander
Merchant
Captain
In the Reports,
Turbyne is described
( ? - 1905)
as 'being in charge of the Marine
Biological Station at Millport' and
having
been for many years
'Captain of Dr. Murray's steam
Yacht
'Medusa' '. The Marine
Biological Station at Millport was
established
on the Isle of Cumbrae
in the Firth of Clyde, in the spring
of
1885. The Report relates that
Turbyne 'worked for over 13 years
under
Dr. Murray's instructions
(including 10 years consecutively)',
conducting
practical investigations
'while matters strictly scientific
were
undertaken
and prepared for
press by men with a scientific
training.' The above would
explain
the award of the Challenger Medal.
At some point, Turbyne live aboard
The Ark, a
lighter converted into a
floating laboratory by Murray.
The
Ark marked
the establishment of the
Marine Station at Millport, the oldest
in Scotland. Turbyne
evidently went
to work for the Fisheries Department
of Cape Colony in 1898, and died as
a result of a gun accident in East
London, South Africa, on 15 July 1905.
119)
WEIR, Mrs.
?
Sent 'C/O James Murray, Supt.
Can.
Pac. Rl. [Canadain Pacific
Railroad], Winnipeg, Manitoba'.
Acknowledged
in the Challenger
Reports for her
assistance.
120) One
unengraved medal.
Taken to Holland by Dr. Murray.
ADDENDUM
Below
are individuals who do not appear on the List of Recipients of the
Challenger Medal,
but
who were evidently in every way entitled to the award, whether through
participation in
the
voyage or having contributed to the Reports.
Though it is possible that medals were not issued
to
some of these men due to their deaths, Busk, Carpenter and Huxley are a
few
examples of
posthumously
awarded medals. Perhaps some
families could not be traced? As
for the naval
officers/warrant
officers, excepting Commander Lloyd, it is possible that the other RN
men had
left
the
Service and could not be traced.
But this again does not offer a certain answer to the question
of why
these men do not appear on the List.
ROYAL NAVY RANKS
NOTES
1) COX,
Richard
Boatswain
In charge of stores.
2)
CROSBIE, Alexander
Staff Surgeon
3)
FERGUSON, James H.
Chief Engineer
In charge of engines.
4)
HARSTON, Henry C.E.
Sub-Lieutenant
5)
LLOYD, Edward W.
Sub-Lieutenant
Retired Commander on
Sept.
15, 1899. Emergency
List, 1901. Cmdr., Tyneside
Division,
RNVR, April 1, 1905.
In charge of Ordnance Dept.
of
Messrs. Armstrong,
Witworth & Co., Elswick.
CB
(Civil) on the coronation of
King George V, June 19, 1911.
6)
MARCOM, Alfred
Asst. Surgeon
7)
OLDHAM, Cecil F.
Sub-Lieutenant
8)
WESTFORD, Fredk. W.
Carpenter
CIVILIAN SCIENTISTS
SPECIALTIES
NOTES
9)
BATE, Charles Spence
Macrura.
Invertebrate Zoologist
(1819-89)
and
practicing Dentist.
Licentiate Royal College of
Surgeons;
President, Odonto-
logical Society (1885).FRS
(1861);
FLS.
10) BRADY, Henry
Bowman
Foraminifera. FRS
(1874); FLS; FGS.
(1835-91)
11)
CARPENTER,
Orbitolites.
Physiologist who
William
Benjamin
published extensively in
(1813-85)
fields as far apart as mental
physiology, microscopy,
marine
biology and religion.
Lyell Medal (1883). CB; MD;
LLD;
FRS (1844); FGS. Father
of Philip Herbert Carpenter.
12) CASTRACANE
degli
Diatomaceae.
Biologist. He was one of
Antelminelli,
the
first to introduce micro-
Conte
Francesco
photography into the study
(1817-99)
of biology.
13) DAVIDSON,
Thomas
Brachiopoda.
Palaeontologist. FRS
(1817-85)
(1857)-Royal
Medal (1870);
FGS-Wollaston Medal
(1865);
Honorary degree
by the University of St.
Andrews
(1882); FLS;
VPPS.
14)
GARROD, Alfred Henry
Anatomy of Carpophaga.
Vertebrate Zoologist.
(1846-79)
FRS
(1876)
15) HAY,
Arthur
Birds of the Philippines.
The
Ornithological Works
(9th Marquis of Tweeddale)
of
Arthur,
Ninth Marquis
(1824-78)
of Tweeddale (1881).
Served
as a soldier in India and the
Crimea. President of the
Zoological Society of
London. FRS (1871).
16)
MIERS, Edward John
Brachyura.
Curator of the Natural
(1851-1930) History
Museum in
London (1872-85).
FZS;
FLS.
17)
WHITE, Francis Buchanan Pelagic
Hemiptera.
Entomologist. MD; FLS.
(1842-94)
Summary
of Sir John Murray's Titles & Awards, Etc.
Note:
Murray is not shown
on the List as
receiving a
medal. This may well be an
indication
of the gentleman's modesty, as he evidently did not have a medal
engraved
for
himself. Still, the total number
of medals cast is unknown, so
he
more than
likely kept an unnamed specimen for himself.
MURRAY,
Sir John
Naturalist
Considered the founder
(1841-1914)
of modern oceanography.
Seven of the 50 volumes of the
Challenger Reports were
written
largely or entirely by Murray.
He
was
also the Editor, contributor
to the Narrative and wrote the
Summary of Results.
Deep-Sea
Deposits. FRS (1896); FRSE.
Cuvier Prize & Medal (Institute of
France/1894); Humbodt Medal
(Berlin Society of Geography/1895);
Royal
Medal (RS/1895); Founders
Medal (RGS/1895); Neill Medal (RSE/
1880);
Makdougall-Brisbane Medal
(RSE/1886); Order of Pour le MŽrite
for
Arts & Sciences (Prussia/1898);
Cullum Medal (AGS/1899); Clarke
Memorial
Medal (RSNSW/1901);
LŸtke Medal (IRSG/1904); Livingstone
Medal
(RSGS/1910); Grand Cross of
the Royal Order of St. Olav (Norway/
1910); Helen Culver Medal (GSC/1911);
Vega Medal (SAGS/1912); Agassiz
Gold Medal (Academy of Sciences,
Washington/special copy/1913).
Murray created the Alexander Agassiz
Medal
in honor of his friend. The medal
is awarded for an original contribution
in
the science of oceanography.
KCB (1898). In 1886, he put
forth a plan
to
send two ships on a major Antarctic
expedition. Although it was
never
put
into action, eight years later, the
RGS used his ideas to promote the
British
National Antarctic Expedition.
Abbreviations
Actg. - Acting
AOU - American
Ornithologists' Union
Asst. -
Assistant
CB
- Companion of the
Order of the Bath
CIE - Companion
of the Most Eminent
Order of the Indian Empire
Cmdr. -
Commander
CMZS - Charter
Member Zoological Society (?)
CVO -
Commander Victorian Order
DSO -
Distinguished Service Order
Engr. - Engineer
FGS - Fellow of
the Geological Society
FLS -
Fellow of the Linnean Society
FRCSI -
Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
FRGS - Fellow
Royal Geographical Society
FRMS -
Fellow of the Royal Meteorlogical Society
FRS -
Fellow of the Royal Society
FRSE - Fellow of
the Royal Society of Edinburgh
FRSSL&E
- Fellow of the Royal Societies of London &
Edinburgh
FZS -
Fellow of the Zoological Society of London
GSC -
Geographic Society of Chicago
Hon. -
Honorary
IGS -
India General Service Medal 1854-95
IRGS - Imperial
Russian Geographical Society
KCB - Knight
Commander of the Order of the Bath
KCMG-
Knight Commander of the Most Distinguished Order of St.
Michael and St. George
LLD -
Legum Doctor (Doctor of Law)
MB - Bachelor
of Medicine
MID -
Mentioned in Despatches
MRCS-
Member of the Royal College of Surgeons
MRIA - Member
Royal Irish Academy
RHS - Royal
Humane Society
RN - Royal
Navy
RNVR -
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve
RS -
Royal Society (London)
RSA - Royal
Society of Arts
RSE - Royal
Society of Edinburgh
RSGS -
The Royal Scottish Geographical Society
RSNSW -
The Royal Society of New South Wales
SAGS -
Swedish Anthropological & Geographical Society
VPPS -
Vice President of the Palaeontographical Society
Acknowledgements
Ms.
Clara Anderson
Dr.
David C. Bossard
Dr.
David M. Damkaer
Mr. Roy
L. Davids
Dr.
Margaret Deacon
Ms.
Judith Farrington
Mr.
Daniel Fearon
Dix
Noonan Webb (DNW)
Mr. Mark
Sikes
Mr. John
I. Simper
Ms.
Barbara Tomlinson
Mr.
Martin Wagner
Mr.
Bryan Williamson
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Footnotes
1 Boog-Watson,
1967.
2 Nature,
1895.
3 Ibid.
4
McManus.
5 P.
Rodger, Appeals Officer, March 27, 1995.
6 Bourner,
2000.
7 Linklater,
1972 and Brown, 1987.
8 C. J.
Burnett, Curator of Fine Art and Medals, 12 January
1995, and Eimer, 1987.
9 Rodger,
op.cit. and B. Tomlinson, Curator,
Antiquities, Aug. 5, 1998.
10 Tomlinson,
ibid.
11 The X
Club was a dinner club formed in 1864
by nine eminent scientists, who had long been intimate friends, so
they would not drift apart due to their various duties, and in
order to
further the cause of science. The
Club
held monthly meetings from October to June, and was extremely
active for
two decades, but this activity gradually
lessened. The regular
communication helped X Club members to gather their efforts on behalf
of
science against
what they felt to be the obstructionist activities and ideas of
conservative scientists, certain theologians, and non-
scientific society figures.
Members at the birth of the X Club were: George
Busk (1807- 86), Joseph D. Hooker (1817-
1911), Herbert Spencer (1820-1923), John Tyndall (1820-93),
Edward
Frankland (1825-99), Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-
95), Thomas Archer Hirst (1830-92) and John Lubbock (1834-1913). William Spottiswoode (1825-83) became
the ninth
member of the Club at its second meeting. Much
of the discussion at the meetings focused on the
affairs of the
Royal Society. By 1864, all
were Fellows of the Royal Society, except Spencer who, due to principle
and
possible
resentment, flatly refused to agree to his being nominated. The X Club exerted important influence
in the Royal
Society, in the British Association, in various other scholarly
societies, in the Royal Institution, and in the publishing
of scientific works.
12 Linklater, 1972.
13 Shipley,
Sir Arthur
E. (Zoologist 1861-1927)